Israel and Iran traded tit-for-tat attacks for 12 days in June until a US-announced ceasefire halted the fighting, but a video of a panicked crowd is unrelated to the conflict. Social media posts falsely claimed the clip showed Israelis fleeing an Iranian strike but it in fact circulated in April in reports that said the commotion was caused by a "mistaken terror attack".

Iran’s setbacks at the hands of Israel and the US, whose campaigns last month killed senior military commanders and largely destroyed the country’s nuclear facilities, have in recent days fuelled recriminations and rancorous debate within the Islamic republic.

The 12-day conflict was marked by a flurry of propaganda, disinformation and covert operations aided by artificial intelligence and spread by social media.

Iran's recent missile campaign against Israel became a stark test for missile defense systems, revealing that even state-of-the-art shields can spring leaks. The Wall Street Journal takes a look at how Iran managed to get more successful at breaking through Israel's vaunted air defenses over a 12-day period,